Techniques in Applied Behavior Analysis
These are some of the principals and techniques that can be used in different areas for improving the life of any individual.
Reinforcement (Principle)
An increase in future behavior as a result of reinforcement for that particular behavior.
Positive reinforcement
A stimulus is added into the environment and it increases the future rate of the behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmI7agAVAVs
Premack Principle
Using the high rate behavior to reinforce the occurrence of the low rate behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCgnOKpMvwA
Negative reinforcement
A stimulus is removed from the environment and it increases the future rate of the behavior.
It involves a)escape contingency- a response is made to stop an aversive stimulus present in the environment.
b)avoidance contingency- a response is made to prevent or postpones
the onset of an aversive stimulus.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfraBsz9gX4&list=PLCD7A2CFFAAF67EC5
Shaping
Differentially reinforcing new responses (successive approximation) toward a target goal.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUA7n90drrw
Chaining
A sequence of responses are made, each response is tied or link to a specific component or condition that produces the target behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbBj4Tzi9CQ -backward chaining
Non Contingent Reinforcement
Reinforcement is given independent of behavior. A fixed time (FT) or variable time (VT) schedule can be used to present reinforcers irregardless of behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkWYidbhoZc
Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcing one type of behavior (desired behavior) and ignoring or withholding reinforcement for undesired behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKl2aQSTFno&playnext=1&list=PLCD7A2CFFAAF67EC5
Contingency Contracting
A contract that specifies the condition under which the desired behavior will be rewarded.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dR5e5PbH4Yo
Token Economy
A system that specifies a list of target behaviors, tokens that will be earned and exchanged for the desired items when target behavior is completed.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxm6shv3Rqw
Self Management
A person monitoring his/ her own behavior by using behavior change techniques to reach desired change in behavior.
Task Analysis
A list that breaks down complex steps to simple smaller steps in achieving a skill.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hxp33AFda-k
Prompts
Any type of assistance given to a subject to complete a task or to perform a target behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDijJjKHMVQ&playnext=1&list=PL9b5twRWxWMdlBx5BawKbowdDonJVP4Ta
Functional Analysis
An analysis done in a controlled condition to determine the function that is maintaining a problem behavior. There are typically four conditions in which a functional analysis is done -alone, demand, attention and control condition.
Generalization
Training outside of the normal conditions in which initial training was conducted. For example training a child to shop in a different environment, with different people using different materials from a controlled setting.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEby5M_Y4Sk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xU395HgXl2s
Modeling
Similar to imitation. A trainer demonstrates the targeted behavior and the subject is expected to imitate the same behavior as the trainer.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU2cDET2fIY
Feedback
Can be in the form of written or vocal information that helps improve or maintain target behavior.
Instructions
Can be in the form of pictures, written words or speech with set of chain of behaviors needed to complete a task.
Punishment (Principle)
A decrease in future behavior as a result of a stimulus change for that particular behavior.
Positive Punishment
A stimulus is added into the environment and it decreases the future rate of the behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49CFNt4g_vE
Negative Punishment
A stimulus is removed from the environment and it decreases the future rate of the behavior.
example time out-removing the person from a reinforcing environment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8K5Dq_HrHI
Extinction
To stop reinforcing a behavior that has been previously reinforced to decrease the future rate of the behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IxVt8kQGVM
(Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007)
Reinforcement (Principle)
An increase in future behavior as a result of reinforcement for that particular behavior.
Positive reinforcement
A stimulus is added into the environment and it increases the future rate of the behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmI7agAVAVs
Premack Principle
Using the high rate behavior to reinforce the occurrence of the low rate behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCgnOKpMvwA
Negative reinforcement
A stimulus is removed from the environment and it increases the future rate of the behavior.
It involves a)escape contingency- a response is made to stop an aversive stimulus present in the environment.
b)avoidance contingency- a response is made to prevent or postpones
the onset of an aversive stimulus.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfraBsz9gX4&list=PLCD7A2CFFAAF67EC5
Shaping
Differentially reinforcing new responses (successive approximation) toward a target goal.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUA7n90drrw
Chaining
A sequence of responses are made, each response is tied or link to a specific component or condition that produces the target behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbBj4Tzi9CQ -backward chaining
Non Contingent Reinforcement
Reinforcement is given independent of behavior. A fixed time (FT) or variable time (VT) schedule can be used to present reinforcers irregardless of behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkWYidbhoZc
Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcing one type of behavior (desired behavior) and ignoring or withholding reinforcement for undesired behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKl2aQSTFno&playnext=1&list=PLCD7A2CFFAAF67EC5
Contingency Contracting
A contract that specifies the condition under which the desired behavior will be rewarded.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dR5e5PbH4Yo
Token Economy
A system that specifies a list of target behaviors, tokens that will be earned and exchanged for the desired items when target behavior is completed.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxm6shv3Rqw
Self Management
A person monitoring his/ her own behavior by using behavior change techniques to reach desired change in behavior.
Task Analysis
A list that breaks down complex steps to simple smaller steps in achieving a skill.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hxp33AFda-k
Prompts
Any type of assistance given to a subject to complete a task or to perform a target behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDijJjKHMVQ&playnext=1&list=PL9b5twRWxWMdlBx5BawKbowdDonJVP4Ta
Functional Analysis
An analysis done in a controlled condition to determine the function that is maintaining a problem behavior. There are typically four conditions in which a functional analysis is done -alone, demand, attention and control condition.
Generalization
Training outside of the normal conditions in which initial training was conducted. For example training a child to shop in a different environment, with different people using different materials from a controlled setting.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEby5M_Y4Sk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xU395HgXl2s
Modeling
Similar to imitation. A trainer demonstrates the targeted behavior and the subject is expected to imitate the same behavior as the trainer.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU2cDET2fIY
Feedback
Can be in the form of written or vocal information that helps improve or maintain target behavior.
Instructions
Can be in the form of pictures, written words or speech with set of chain of behaviors needed to complete a task.
Punishment (Principle)
A decrease in future behavior as a result of a stimulus change for that particular behavior.
Positive Punishment
A stimulus is added into the environment and it decreases the future rate of the behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49CFNt4g_vE
Negative Punishment
A stimulus is removed from the environment and it decreases the future rate of the behavior.
example time out-removing the person from a reinforcing environment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8K5Dq_HrHI
Extinction
To stop reinforcing a behavior that has been previously reinforced to decrease the future rate of the behavior.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IxVt8kQGVM
(Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007)